Abstract: It is the foundation to ensure functions of civil engineering infrastructures for building resilient cities. This paper critically reviewed and analyzed the state-of-the-art on 'hazard/environmental action-structural response-hazard control-resilience enhancement' for materials, structures, and systems of civil engineering infrastructures. It was found that mechanisms of a single hazard or a single environmental action, degradation mechanisms and recovery methods of structural materials under a single environmental action, and hazard response analysis and control of a single structure under a single hazard action have been clearly understood. However, failure mechanisms of civil engineering infrastructures under multiple hazards and complex environmental actions are more complicated, and it is more difficult to enhance resilience of urban civil engineering infrastructures considering multiple hazards and complex environmental actions. It is suggested to further identify trigger mechanisms of multiple hazards and action mechanisms of complex environmental conditions, degradation mechanisms and repair methods of structural materials under complex environmental actions, failure mechanisms and control/resilience enhancement methods for a single structure and civil engineering infrastructural systems under multiple hazards and complex environmental actions.