Abstract: Soil liquefaction and associated lateral deformation would trigger apparent residual deformation of pile foundations of the prevalent pile-column bridges, leading to a loss of vertical load-carrying capacity (VLC) and the degradation of serviceability. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the loss of VLC after earthquakes. This study firstly introduces the typical pile-column bridges in liquefied ground with large deformation and the validated numerical modelling technique. In light of acknowledged high levels of uncertainties in soils, structures as well as ground motions, 80 bridges are sampled considering uncertainties of 16 structural and soil parameters. After that, a novel approach for quantifying the loss of VLC of bridges is proposed based on the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and Pushdown analysis. The mechanism for the loss of VLC is investigated according to the results of an indicative case. Based on the residual column drift ratio, a regression model and a probabilistic evaluation model, together with multi-level limit states are developed for estimating the loss of VLC. Results show that the significant post-earthquake residual column drift ratio is mainly triggered by the large soil deformation; this phenomenon together with the significant P-Δ effect during the pushdown analysis results in the loss of VLC. Moreover, 5%, 20%, 35%, and 50% loss of VLC correspond to residual column drift ratios of 0.04%, 0.56%, 1.55%, and 2.96%, respectively. The research outcomes can be used for evaluating and decision-making of post-earthquake VLC loss of pile-column bridges in liquefiable ground with large lateral deformation.