Abstract: Energy dissipation and vibration reduction in engineering structures have always been the focus of research. Utilizing new materials to construct energy dissipation and vibration reduction devices is an important research direction. This paper used nanoscale silica as the dispersed phase and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the dispersion medium to prepare shear thickening fluids (STF) with different mass fractions of nanoscale silica. The storage modulus and loss modulus of STF were obtained through rheological tests. According to the constrained damping model, STF was combined with aluminum plates as a damping material to design an STF interlayer energy absorbing component with damping varying with frequency. The damping ratio formula of the STF interlayer energy absorbing structure at different frequencies was obtained using the constrained damping model and energy method. The results show that as the mass fraction of nanoscale silica in the STF interlayer energy absorbing structure increases, its maximum damping ratio increases, and the frequency corresponding to the maximum damping ratio decreases. When the thickness ratio of STF is greater than 2, the maximum damping ratio of the STF interlayer structure increases with the thickness ratio of STF. The above research conclusions provide a theoretical basis for practical engineering applications.