Abstract: This study used stainless-clad bimetallic steel plates as faceplates to form a novel double stainless-clad steel plate-concrete composite shear wall. Eight specimens subjected to axial compression were tested, considering the effects of concrete type and cross-section slenderness coefficient. The results show that both the concrete type and the cross-section slenderness coefficient influence the failure mode of the composite shear wall. Composite shear walls with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) experience cross-sectional crushing failure when the cross-section slenderness coefficient is less than or equal to 1.0, or shear failure when the cross-section slenderness coefficient is 1.5; whereas composite shear walls with conventional concrete all have cross-sectional crushing failure. The elastic critical buckling strain of the exterior steel plate and the axial compressive strength of composite shear walls decrease with increasing cross-section slenderness coefficient. UHPC can significantly enhance the axial compressive strength, initial stiffness and deformability of the composite shear walls. Based on the experimental results, a calculation formula for the axial compressive strength of the composite shear walls was proposed.