Abstract:
This study develops an accelerated discrete element method (DEM) for simulating the nanoindentation creep behavior of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel. Rate process theory (RPT) is incorporated into the contact constitutive law of C-S-H particles to relate the rate of tangential viscous slip to the tangential/normal contact forces. In addition, a time-scaling algorithm is proposed to accelerate the DEM simulation of nanoindentation creep under an extremely small critical time step. Using PFC3D, C-S-H particle assemblies with different packing densities (0.74, 0.64, and 0.58) are generated. An equivalent cohesive confinement is applied via wall-stress servo control, and nanoindentation creep simulations with a Berkovich indenter are performed for parameter calibration. The results show that the proposed method reproduces the scaling relationships of indentation modulus, hardness, and contact creep modulus with packing density. The simulations further reveal the evolution of particle motion and local stress concentration in the indentation zone, providing a particle-mechanics-based explanation for the rationality of using nanoindentation creep tests to characterize the long-term creep of C-S-H. This work offers a transferable DEM modeling framework for creep simulation of other porous granular/gel-like materials.