Abstract: Three-dimensional high-strength steel wire mesh-reinforced concrete replaces traditional low-to-medium-strength planar steel wire meshes with three-dimensionally woven high-strength steel wire meshes. It possesses excellent ductility and energy absorption capacity, demonstrating a potential for applications as an energy-dissipating structure. To further explore its application scenarios, this study conducted high-speed impact tests using unreinforced concrete and concrete reinforced with low-to-medium-strength planar wire meshes as controls. The investigation results indicate that, compared to low-to-medium-strength planar wire meshes, the addition of high-strength three-dimensional wire meshes reduces the penetration depth by 14%-16%. Combining theoretical analyses and numerical simulations, this paper preliminarily reveals the performance enhancement mechanism from the perspective of improved shear strength: the reinforcement effect stems from the synergistic coupling of the three-dimensional woven structure effect and the material strength enhancement effect, with the structural effect contributing more significantly (approximately 7%). Specifically, single-layer woven nodes disperse in-plane energy through the tensile interlocking, while multi-layer woven meshes provide a circumferential confinement to the core concrete, significantly enhancing the concrete’s strength and thereby improving the overall penetration resistance.